Remembering Our First Stage of Education

Recalling Our First Stage of Education The vast majority haveâ good memoriesâ of their grade school days and one of them is memories of a specific darling instructor. Why not all? The outcome ofâ studyâ about effective and all around recollected primary teachers propose that the vast majority of them really appreciate working with kids, having a great time and consistently glad to be with them. They can without much of a stretch speak with kids; acquainted with children’s needs, and continually ready to comprehend. Recollections of a Person Who Truly Loves Kids Pupils’ thought of a decent rudimentary schoolâ teacherâ can be arranged into three general classifications †individual characteristics, relationship with understudies, and educating methods. Investigation of understudies in grade 2 through 8 proposes that the greater part of them regularly review instructors who helped them in their work, kind, persistent, well mannered, conveniently dressed, cordial in and dominate, and with a comical inclination. In addition, arranged by recurrence, dearest and effortlessly recollected instructors are the individuals who are caring and nice, playing around with kids, frequently in positive state of mind, pleasant, neighborly with a decent grin, chivalrous, keen and all around educated. Handily reviewed #ElementaryMoments with darling instructor appears to be connected to individual and conduct attributes related with educating proficiency. By and by, this is the capacity of a grade teacher to make a learning environment for kids, persuade them to face challenges in the learning procedure, become increasingly innovative and acknowledge new thoughts. These instructors as per writing are the individuals who take an understudy of her or his typical edge of reference and assist them with seeing additional opportunities even in convoluted circumstances through cleverness. Creating STUDENTS CREATIVITY AND SELF-EXPRESSION THROUGH CRAYONS Recollections of Effective and Inspiring Elementary School Teachers A great many people have a certain and interior meaning of successful instructing. The greater part of us can without much of a stretch recognize a decent educator from an awful instructor. Everybody appears to be learned of what really establishes great showing, for example, Ms. May and Mrs. Moody’s previous basic schoolâ students who recalled that them as clever however successful educators. Ms. Daisy May is a sort of educator who consistently begins the class with a grin. She is not kidding about instructing and frequently gives her understudies a great deal of work. In any case, in spite of the trouble, her extraordinary comical inclination made her study hall both fun and instructive. Ms. May is caring and inviting all through the class yet she never kids about her group necessities. For example, she was disturbed and flopped nearly the whole class when her understudies didn't accepting the book she required. Mrs. L. Irritable, then again, is aâ sixth-grade educator who is much of the time associated with her vitality. She was noisy, amusing, however genuine to her showing like Ms. May. Despite the fact that the characteristics sound opposing, Ms. Grouchy is a compelling primary teacher who roused huge numbers of her previous understudies (presently effective educators) to seek after an instructing vocation. These instructors are best associated with adjusting study hall fun and learning. Their capacity to â€Å"break the ice† and make understudies really amped up for coming to class and figure out how to isolate them from the rest. They have the individual, social, and showing aptitudes of a compelling instructor that most understudies view as best #ElementaryMoments.

Exam II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Test II - Essay Example The facts confirm that, the utilization of this understanding has assisted with decreasing the negative result of the war. In February 1848, the Mexican-American war was officially finished by the bargain of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Throughout the following years, the pressure between the United States and the Government of Mexico kept on thundering. The Gadsden Purchase arrangement assisted with settling the event of contest on Texas. The Gadsden Purchase included terrains west of the Rio Grande and south of the Gila River. The reason for the Treaty is for the development of cross-country railroad in United States along a southern street. The Gadsden Purchase is likewise connected to the settlement of the outskirt issues. The key limits of the United States of American have been settled by the usage of the Gadsden Purchase. The Mexican armed force was crushed by the Americans in various fights that constrained Mexicans to give up. The war was considered by the Massachusetts as a wrongdoing. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo assisted with giving a large portion of a-million square miles to United States (Tate, 2013). The line of the Gila River and the Rio Grande became worldwide fringe. Also, the officially parted with of extra domain was not acknowledged by President Polk. On September 15, 1853, James Gadsden met with Santa Anna. A verbal guidance has been sent by President Pierce for Gadsden. A specialist for United States financial specialists, Christopher Ward was the person who took verbal guidance to Gadsden. The directions gave exchange alternative for Gadsden for a more noteworthy portion of northern Mexico to 15 million dollars and Lower California for 50 million dollars. The guidance of the President Pierce to sell enormous bit of Mexico was rejected by Santa Anna. Santa Clause Anna need ed to assemble cash to decrease the continuous uprisings. This is the explanation for the utilization of bargain among Gadsden and Santa Anna. Mexican fringe was vigorously attacked by Americans. The Treaty was moreover

The Role of Colors on Maps

The Role of Colors on Maps Cartographers use shading on maps to speak to specific highlights. Shading use is constantly steady on a solitary guide and regularly predictable across various sorts of maps made by various cartographers and distributers. Numerous hues utilized on maps have a relationship to an article or highlight on the ground. For instance, blue is quite often the shading picked for water. Political Maps Political maps, or those that show government limits, as a rule utilize more guide hues than physical maps, which speak to the scene regularly without respect for human alteration, for example, nation or state outskirts. Political maps frequently utilize at least four hues to speak to various nations or inside divisions of nations, for example, states or areas. Blue regularly speaks to water and dark as well as red is every now and again utilized for urban areas, streets, and railroads. Dark likewise shows limits, with contrasting kinds of runs and additionally dabs used to speak to the sort of limit: universal, state, province, or other political region. Physical Maps Physical maps use shading most drastically to show changes in height. A palette of greens frequently shows rises. Dull green as a rule speaks to low-lying land, with lighter shades of green utilized for higher rises. In the following higher rises, physical maps regularly utilize a palette of light earthy colored to dim earthy colored. Such maps usually use reds, white, or purples to speak to the most noteworthy rises appeared on the guide. It is imperative to recollect that on maps that utilization shades of greens, tans, and so forth, shading doesn't speak to ground spread. For instance, indicating the Mojave Desert in green because of low height doesnt imply that the desert is rich with green yields. In like manner, demonstrating mountain tops in white doesn't show that the mountains are topped with ice and snow throughout the entire year. On physical maps, blues are utilized for water, with darker blues speaking to the most profound water. Green-dim, red, blue-dark, or some other shading is utilized for heights underneath ocean level. General-Interest Maps Guides and other general-use maps are frequently a disorder of shading, with a portion of the accompanying plans: Blue: lakes, waterways, streams, seas, stores, thruways, and nearby bordersRed: significant interstates, streets, urban regions, air terminals, uncommon intrigue locales, military destinations, place names, structures, and bordersYellow: developed or urban areasGreen: parks, fairways, reservations, backwoods, plantations, and highwaysBrown: deserts, verifiable destinations, national parks, military reservations or bases, and form (height) linesBlack: streets, railways, roadways, spans, place names, structures, and bordersPurple: expressways, and on U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, highlights added to the guide since the first review Choropleth Maps Extraordinary maps called choropleth maps use shading to speak to measurable information for a given region. Normally, choropleth maps speak to every province, state, or nation with a shading dependent on the information for that territory. For instance, a typical choropleth guide of the United States shows a state-by-state breakdown of which states casted a ballot Republican (red) and Democratic (blue). Choropleth maps can likewise be utilized to show populace, instructive accomplishment, ethnicity, thickness, future, the pervasiveness of a specific ailment, and considerably more. When mapping certain rates, cartographers who plan choropleth maps frequently utilize various shades of a similar shading, delivering a decent enhanced visualization. For instance, a guide of area by-province per capita salary in a state could utilize a scope of green from light green for the most minimal per-capita pay to dull green for the most noteworthy per-capita pay.

Mercy, Pity, Peace, and Love in Songs of Innocence and Experience - Literature Essay Samples

William Blake, as a libertarian and political writer concerned with Romantic values concerning the freedom of the human spirit and liberty, wrote his ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience’ in an attempt to attack the corrupt political systems and institutions around at the time he was writing during the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment; in his songs, Blake proposes rebellion against such systems, alongside setting up his ideal of a Utopia within his ‘Songs of Innocence’, with the virtues of ‘mercy, pity, peace and love’ found in ‘The Divine Image’ aptly summarizing the image of Blake’s Utopia, with such virtues being clearly nowhere to be found in the corrupt society which Blake describes in his ‘Songs of Experience’ in such poems as ‘London’ and ‘Holy Thursday’. One subject of Blake’s social and political protest within his ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience’ is that of the church, as although he himself was a Christian, he can be seen to attack the twisted version of religion which holds destructive ideologies that exploit and damage the vulnerable, ignoring the traditional values of charity and mercy and instead allowing racism and the suffering of children, as see in ‘The Little Black Boy’ and ‘Holy Thursday’ respectively. In ‘The Divine Image’, the speaker (presumably either the voice of Blake or voicing Blake’s thoughts), personifies the virtues of ‘Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love’ and states that these are ‘God, our Father dear’, suggesting that God Himself is the personification of these virtues, that these qualities are what we should be aspiring to within humanity, creating a link between God and humankind as all prayers to ‘Mercy, Pity, Pe ace and Love’ should be directed not just to God but to ‘the human form divine’; through this, Blake can be seen to stress the superlative importance of these qualities of heart within humankind and protesting against those religious followers who act hypocritically in allowing children such as those in ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ or ‘Holy Thursday’ to suffer whilst those in power and the hierarchical church allow for such vast inequalities within society. Blake’s ‘Songs of Innocence’ can be seen to set up a Utopia, much like More’s, where the virtues of mercy, pity, peace and love are abundant and then shown to be lacking in the world described in his ‘Songs of Experience’ which criticize and protest against the corrupt authorities of his day, setting up a proposal for rebellion to establish a more idealized, liberated state. In ‘The Shepherd’, for example, the character of the shepherd can be interpreted as a God-like figure as he acts in a similar way towards his sheep as the omnibenevolent God of the Bible can be seen to act towards humankind, showing love towards his sheep as ‘his tongue shall be filled with praise’ suggesting that he takes a caring and supportive role over his ‘sweet lot’, along with ‘peace’ taking a foreground in the poem as the shepherd is described as ‘watchful’ towards his sheep ‘while they are in pe ace,/For they know when their shepherd is nigh’, alluding to a relationship between the shepherd and his sheep where the sheep place faith in the shepherd as their protector and loving father figure: much like the loving image of God stressed by Blake. In this way, therefore, the virtues of mercy, pity, peace and love as outlined in ‘The Divine Image’ can be seen to play a role in Blake’s description of a Utopian society and his ideal image of religion as a loving, united front between humankind and God, which in turns lends to set up his proposal for rebellion in the ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience’. Blake can further be seen to explore the virtues of mercy, pity, peace and love in his ‘Songs of Innocence’ poem ‘The Little Black Boy’, where a black child who has experienced racial prejudice describes a conversation with his mother who assures him that his ‘soul is white’ and that he will one day go to heaven where God will show him ‘love’. In the poem, the child’s mother can be seen to show him all four qualities of mercy, pity, peace and love as outlined in ‘The Divine Image’ as the boy describes how ‘she took me on her lap and kissed me’ demonstrating a loving, maternal act which shows pity towards the boy who feels as though he is ‘bereaved of light’, alluding to God’s love as ‘light’ as an image is used often by Blake to refer to the presence of God, suggesting that the boy feels as though God doesn’t love him in the same was and the English children ar ound him who are conversely depicted as ‘angels’, and therefore automatically shown love by God. The little boy’s mother then goes on to loving assure the boy that he is just as, if not more so, worthy of God’s love as other children as he has leant to ‘bear the beams of love’ which have caused ‘the black bodies and this sunburnt face’, working to instill a sense of peace of mind within the child who before being told this showed distress at being set apart from the ‘English child’ and seen by those as ‘bereaved of light’. The depiction of God presented by Blake through the loving voice of the mother in the poem shows these virtues further, as He is quoted as saying ‘come out from the grove, my love and care,/And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice’, with the image of a ‘grove’ as a small wood suggesting to a confined, shaded area where perhaps the oppressed such as the †˜little black boy’ metaphorically reside as they are cast away from the rest of society, and the kind tone paired with the imperative of ‘come out’ showing the caring, father-like nature of God as he lovingly, whilst showing pity towards those who have been residing n the ‘grove’, invites the oppressed to ‘like lambs rejoice’ iin his ‘love and care’, the image of the ‘lamb’ being one found throughout Blake’s poetry as a symbol of innocence and purity. With racial prejudice being a focus of Blake’s social and political protest, therefore, the depiction of God as a loving father figure who shows pity and love in particular to all without regard of their race as demonstrated in ‘The Little Black Boy’, acts as a form of protest against the conservative, racist views held by the government of his time and acts as a proposal for rebellion against those who perceive white children as superio r to black children as in the eyes of God, Blake illustrates, individuals of all races are perceived as equal and are equally as worthy as one another of His love. Mercy, pity, peace and love can further be seen as apt descriptions of Blake’s proposal for his rebellion when looking at his own political ideologies, alongside his depictions of these virtues within his poetry. Blake was politically a radical libertarian, who admired Thomas Paine and can be seen to draw from his ideas concerning the advocation for equal political rights and the attacking of hierarchical government and monarchy as laid out in his 1790’s novel ‘The Rights of Man’, and to an extent the attacking of the contradictory claims held by the Christian Church in his ‘The Age of Reason’. These virtues are pertinent throughout his ‘Songs of Innocence’, through, for instance, the narrator of ‘A Dream’ who describes how ‘Pitying, I dropped a tear’, explicitly demonstrating pity towards the emmet who had ‘lost its way’ and in ‘On Another’s Sorrow’ where empathy for those with a ‘falling tear’ is presented as the universal human reaction; mercy as shown in ‘The Chimney Sweeper’ as the oppressed chimney sweep narrator describes how ‘if all do their duty, they need not fear harm’; peace in ‘The Echoing Green’ between the pastoral landscape, the children playing on the green and the elderly folk watching them play; and love shown in a plethora of the songs, one example being in ‘The Little Boy Found’ where a form of caring, parental love is shown both by the presumed figure of God who leads the boy to his mother who shows distress in the loss of her son as ‘her little boy weeping sought’. In his ‘Songs of Experience’, however, Blake’s attention to these virtues as a proposal for rebellion turns towards the cruel injustice that he sees coming from the state and the corrupt authorities of his time, repeatedly using the word ‘chartered’ in ‘London’ as to depict the restrictive nature of the city and using the device of rhetorical question a plethora of times throughout his songs in order to address the reader directly and invite them to question the nature of the state of the time- asking in ‘Holy Thursday’ whether it is a ‘holy thing to see’ for innocent, impoverish children to be treated poorly and ‘reduc’d to misery’, emotively showing the lack of mercy, pity, love and peace which is in fact shown by the state and the Church towards those who are in need. It can be argued, therefore, that ‘mercy, pity, peace and love’ do not make for a fully apt description of Blak e’s proposal for rebellion in his ‘Songs of Innocence and Experience’, but are used to set up an ideal, imagined state before showing the lack of such virtues present in England during the 1800s, with his proposal for rebellion lying moreso in his vivid descriptions of oppression, restriction, and the cruel treatment of those in need in order to encourage his audience to rebel against such a system, by way of peaceful protest as suggested in his chosen form of protest being through his written songs, his values as a Romantic, and through how he stopped supporting the French Revolution despite its aims aligning with his belief due to the fact that it involved violence and the turn of revolutionaries to tyrannical oppressors themselves. The four qualities of mercy, pity, peace and love as laid out in the ‘Songs of Innocence’ poem ‘The Divine Image’ can be seen, to an extent, to be an apt description of Blake’s proposal for rebellion, as he suggests through his featuring these virtues in his depiction of a Utopia in the ‘Songs of Innocence’ that such are the qualities he believes all of humankind should exhibit and that, as seen in ‘The Divine Image’ we should all ‘pray’ to these qualities within both humankind and God whilst forming a united brotherhood with such values at the foreground: however, it could be argued that Blake’s proposal for rebellion more lies in his exploration of oppression of the vulnerable by those in power and his ethos of anti-clericism and anti-establishment illuminating to the audience his proposal for rebellion more vividly than his initial description of an idealized state in his ‘Songs of Innocenceâ€⠄¢.

Develop A Change Management Plan - 1130 Words

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Feminism And Popular Culture Gender Relations And...

Feminism and popular culture have interacted over the years, each influencing and responding to the other. The media has been a cause of feminist protests, especially because of their representations of men and women’s lives. These portrayals can have an impact on society, as because of their mass distribution, they have the capability to influence the public’s perspective on gender relations and feminist issues. The views of feminism and the ideas that the movement was currently emphasizing can be seen in popular culture’s productions during that time. One critical feminist issue has been the expectations for their physical appearances and lives outside of the home. In fact, Naomi Wolf’s idea of these themes, as described in The Beauty†¦show more content†¦With the destruction of the beauty myth, many businesses would lose customers and profits. Therefore, advertisements and companies pressure women to subscribe to the beauty myth. With these inf luences, â€Å"the more legal and material hindrances women have broken through, the more strictly and heavily and cruelly images of female beauty have come to weigh upon us† (120). The beauty myth has an impact upon popular culture too, as common portrayals of women nearly always present a traditional image of beauty on the screen. This can be seen in two examples of popular media, the reality television show, The Bachelor, and the science fiction film, The Stepford Wives. In both of these cases, the women’s beauty is used to undermine their power and is emphasized as a central reason for their importance to the plot. In the reality television series, The Bachelor, the beauty myth is important to the portrayal of women and the result of the competition. At the beginning, the show focuses on â€Å"†¦twenty-five aspiring wives in revealing cocktail dresses...reminiscent of the Miss America pageant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Frank 91). 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None Provided1 Essay Thesis Example For Students

None Provided1 Essay Thesis Although the Mothman legacy began nearly forty years ago on a chilly, fall night in 1966, it has since became the stuff legends are made of. It has grown into a phenomenon known all over the world by millions of curious people asking questions such as the following: What really happened? What did these people see? Has it been seen since? Nothing has sparked the worlds imagination and curiosity as has the mystery behind Point Pleasant, West Virginias Mothman. Was there such thing as the Mothman? The details found in all of the facts that I will show you definitely point to yes. You will agree with me after you hear about the first sightings of the Mothman, eyewitness accounts of how these sitings changed their lives, and a look at the medias reports of the incidents that happened during this time. The day before the actual siting of the Mothman, Linda Scarberry was sitting at home alone at around eleven oclock at night, when this awful noise of flapping wings started above her home. I t circled the home and kept hitting the roof, but Linda was too scared to go outside. The next night, while Linda and her husband at the time and another couple were at the TNT area, she found out exactly what that noise was. It was around eleven thirty at night on November 15, 1966. The town of Point Pleasant, West Virginia, was about the be shaken by a series of events like nothing else on the face of the earth. Both couples in the car that very clear, cold night were out chasing parkers. They has just topped a hill when the headlights hit this seven foot tall creature with wings that were visible on its back. The body of it was like a slender, muscular man, and it was flesh-colored. Its face could not be seen, because its eyes simply hypnotized those that were looking at the Mothman. It had one of its wings caught in a guide wire near a section of road close to the power plant and was pulling on its wings with its huge hands, trying to free itself. It quickly pried itself loose a nd ran into the plant, but that was not the last time these two couples ran into the Mothman that very night. It seemed to keep following them, and they saw him various different places within about a half-hour after they initially sighted it. While they were leaving the TNT area, the Mothman was sitting on a sign, and it went straight up into the air very fast. It then followed them down Route 62 while they were going over one hundred miles per hour and hit the top of their car two or three times. The last place that they saw it was on top of the flood wall crouched down with its arms around its legs and its wings tucked against its back. They did not know anything else to do then but to call the cops. The police did not believe them at first, but, after they realized that they were not drinking or on drugs and was tremendously scared, they started believing what the two couples confessed to them. Bibliography:

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Example

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Textbook of Sociology for Class XII SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA Textbook of Sociology for Class XII M. N. KARNA CONTENTS 1. Structural Processes of Change 2. Cultural Processes of Change 3. State and Social Change 4. Legislation and Democratic Decentralisation 5. Economic Development and Social Change 6. New Groups, Classes and Globalisation 7. Education and Social Change 8. Mass Media and Cultural Change 9. Dissent and Social Change 10. Social Deviance 1 14 25 36 47 57 69 77 86 99 STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 1 CHAPTER 1 Structural Process of Change Change is a fact of human life. We may not be aware of it in our day-to-day experience but it continues to affect us in one way or the other. A hundred and thousand years might be a moment in the life of rocks and mountains but in human society changes take place in the course of merely a generation or two. Think of a situation in which your grandmother was living in a village where a large number of family members were staying together in one household. She had to maintain purdah and was not allowed to come out of the four walls of the house till she had become old. Now compare it with the condition of your mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you not find a change in the structure of your own family, now when only a few members are staying together ? Your uncle is living in another household with his wife and children. Likewise, your grandfather was an agriculturist but your father might have shifted to the urban area to take up a job in a government office. You will notice several corresponding changes even in the life-style of your own family. These alterations have occurred merely in a generation or two. A close look will reveal changes both in the structure and function of family and in patterns of occupations. It is this dimension of change that we intend to study in the present course. Our focus will be on the nature and extent of social change in contemporary Indian society. The study of social change in India is important for several reasons. It tells us how contemporary Indian society is transforming from a traditional society to a modern developed society. It shows how changes are occurring in our social institutions and what are the factors bringing about such changes. It also indicates our achievements as a nation and identifies problems and setbacks in certain areas of our life. Social change is a process, in the sense that it involves a series of events over a period of time. The idea of continuity is implied in it and shows a sequence of operations that bring about change. Thus, the notion of process indicates two major dimensions of social change—its nature and direction. While the nature of change reveals content of change, the direction speaks about the line in which it is moving. We intend to 2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA discuss here both the substance and the factors of change. Sociologists in India have analysed the process of social change under two broad categories—structural processes and cultural processes. Structural processes of change are due to a transformation in the network of social relationships. Caste, kinship, family and occupational groups constitute some of the structural realities. Change in these relationships is a structural change. When the traditional agrarian system based on family labour is transformed into agrarian system based on hired labour with a view to produce for the market, we may call it a structural change. The transfor mation of joint family to nuclear family brings about change in structure and function of family. It is through the process of differentiation of roles that structural change takes place. To put it differently, role of a social institution changes due to specific sequence of events making it more effective in the changed situation. In fact, structural differentiation of roles leads to functional specialisation. Reverting to our earlier example, in addition to procreation and rearing of children, joint family performed numerous roles in traditional society in the fields of education, occupation and social security . But after its transformation into nuclear family most of these functions have been taken over by specialised agencies such as schools, economic organisations, government departments and other institutions. Structural change as a result of role differentiation is noticed in almost all domains of social life. You are already familiar with the factors of social change. Therefore, we shall focus on structural processes of social change namely, industrialisation, Westernisation and modernisation. INDUSTRIALISATION Science is an important element of human heritage that produces a systematic knowledge of nature. Technology, on the other hand, is that element which contains the application of this knowledge. In this sense, technology has a utilitarian goal. It has developed mainly due to a desire to apply it for the advantage of common people. This goal has been realised in almost every sphere—industry, agriculture, transport, communication and such other areas. The rapid changes that we experience in our dayto-day life are related to the development of new techniques, new inventions and new modes of production. The application of modern technology in industry has influenced not only our economic life but also our social and cultural system. Industrialisation is a process of technological advancement from domestic production with simple tools to large-scale factory based production. However, sociologically, the term implies a process of economic and social changes arising out of the change in the structure of industry. Industrialisation involves a broad range of social factors that deeply affect the character of social STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 3 life. For instance, factories give rise to elaborate division of labour, new work culture, etc. Industrialisation in India A wide network of domestic and cottage industries was existing in India even prior to British colonial rule. But modern large-scale industry came only during the later part of the nineteenth century after the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Between the 1850’s when the first major industries started, and 1914 India had established the world’s largest jute manufacturing industry, the fifth largest cotton textile industry and the third largest railway network. In this manner, India had almost a century of industrial development on the eve of the independence. After independence, the pace of industrialisation was significantly accelerated during the periods of FiveYear Plans. It saw the expansion and diversification of the industrial structure with the establishment of several new units. In 1951, there were only two major units producing iron and steel. The number of such major steel plants increased to six by 1980s with the installed capacity of 80 lakh tonnes. The country has made considerable progress in the field of new industries, agricultural tractors, electronics, fertiliser etc. , which were practically nonexistent in 1951. The textile industry is no longer confined to cotton and jute textiles but to a large number of units producing different types of synthetic fibres. An important feature of industrial growth after independence has been the rapid expansion of the public sector enterprises. These produce diverse products such as steel, coal, heavy and light engineering goods, locomotives, aircraft, petroleum products and fertilizers. A brief sketch of industrial growth in India may give us an idea of the extent of industrialisation that has taken place in the country since attaining independence. Social Consequences of Industrialisation We may now turn our attention to the economic and social consequences of industrialisation. Our economic life has witnessed tremendous structural change in the wake of industrialisation. Production has been brought substantially to the factory. Elaborate division of labour, pecialisation of tasks and the growth of a class of industrial workers have resulted from changes in the industrial system. Similarly, the nature of agricultural production has also changed because of change in agricultural practices. With the alteration in agricultural practices, alterations have also occurred in agrarian relations and the life-styles of farm househo lds. Moreover, industrialisation has changed the family mode of production and women are increasingly found in farms, firms and factories to perform different tasks. The new economic role has placed women in the new 4 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA nvironment where they experience a changed social status. This new role of women in turn has brought greater participation of women in decision making in the family. These changes have occurred due to occupational diversification that has been brought about by industrialisation. For example, it cannot be expected that all working members of a family will get jobs in similar occupations and professions and will be posted at the same place. One member, for example, may be engaged in the cultivation of family land in Uttar Pradesh and the other may take up an employment as an engineer in Chennai. Under these circumstances, the break-up of a joint family into small nuclear families is natural. Such structural changes are also accompanied by functional distinctive-ness. For example, the traditional joint family as mentioned earlier, was a multifunctional institution. It had innumerable economic, educational, recreational, socialisational and biological functions. Now, except for the biological and socialisational functions of the family, most of the other functions have been taken over by formal economic organisations, associations and the state. Development of transport and communication have resulted in far reaching consequences. Railways, automobiles and marine transportations have not only increased spatial mobility but have also quickened the rate of internal and external migration. A large number of people are migrating from rural to urban areas to take up new occupations. Similarly, both skilled and unskilled women and men are travelling out of the country in search of better careers. Changes are also witnessed in the system of social stratification. Significant changes are observed in the case of caste system, which is an important structural reality of Indian social system. The separation between caste and occupation is a significant change that has taken place. The occupational diversification has made several occupations ‘caste free’. It is, however, more in towns than in villages and even greater in the large industrialised cities. A considerable number of people located earlier at the lower levels of caste hierarchy and engaged in caste-based occupations are now entering into new occupations. Likewise, castes considered higher in the hierarchy are coming forward for occupations not preferred earlier. The members of lower castes dispensed with traditional occupations primarily because they were considered ‘impure’ and were endowed with low status besides being less profitable. On the other hand, members of upper castes such as Brahmin, Rajput and Kayasth in North India were compelled to take up work like manual labourers, peons in offices and such other low status jobs. In addition to modifications in occupational structure and mobility, changes are seen in the inter-caste power structure. We have so far analysed the socio-economic consequences of STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 5 industrialisation but we should not overlook one basic fact in this regard. The way in which a society responds to the industrial changes depends on its own creative genius and social environment. We, therefore, find a substantial difference between one society and another in the degree to which changes take place as a result of industrialisation. impersonal. The relationship is based on a complex division of labour and is contractual in nature. Urbanisation in India India is a land of villages and will remain so for decades to come. However, it does not mean that cities have been absent from this vast sub-continent. Existence of cities in India can be traced back to as early as third millennium B . C . Archeological excavations reveal older traces of urbanisation. Historians tell us that a truly urban civilisation emerged in the Indus Valley with Mohenjodaro and Harappa as important urban centres. In addition to these two cities, several other urban settlements such as Kalibangan in northern Rajasthan, Lothal in Gujarat and Banwali in Haryana also emerged as the major centres. In the subsequent period, urbanisation was not confined to a particular area. This phase of urbanisation finds mention in the postVedic literature in the north and Sangam literature in the south. The Buddhist texts also mention the existence of the urban centres. Furthermore, urbanisation during the medieval times was spread out from Srinagar in the north to Madurai in the south. This period was marked more by the revival of old cities than the establishment of new cities and towns. These preindustrial cities, however, existed primarily as centres of pilgrimage, as royal capitals and as trading centres. Cities with modern industrial character grew in India only after the URBANISATION Urbanisation is a process by which people instead of living in villages start living in towns and cities. It involves a mode by which agriculture-based habitat is transformed into nonagricultural urban habitat. The growth of urban centres is the result of accelerated industrial and service functions. An increase in the size of towns and cities leading to growth of urban population is the most significant dimension of urbanisation. These centres are essentially non-agricultural in character. Urbanisation as a structural process of change is related to industrialisation but it is not always the result of industrialisation. In certain cases, urbanisation has taken place even without industrialisation. Industrialisation is always connected with economic growth but we cannot say the same about urbanisation. Urban environment produces a particular kind of social life which Lois Wirth, a core member of the Chicago School, calls urbanism. Social life in cities is more formal and 6 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA contact with the West. The process of urbanisation was accelerated during the British colonial regime. The British Indian administration promoted urbanisation on a large scale. The major port towns of Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai owe their beginning, growth and importance to the colonial efforts. Similarly, regional summer capitals were established in remote mountainous areas like Srinagar, Shillong and Shimla. The princely states did not develop as fast but even they had capital towns. Some of the princely states like Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur and Mysore had population exceeding one lakh. The urban scenario changed remarkably after independence. The proportion of urban population to the total population increased from 17. 6 per cent in 1951 to 25. 7 per cent in 1991. The number of cities with population of one million or more increased from 5 to 23 during the same period. According to the census of 2001 urban population stands at 27. 78 per cent and number of cities having population more than one million has increased to 35. The noteworthy growth of urban population after independence has been largely due to the rapid increase in population, ruralurban migration, city-centred industrialisation and the over all neglect of villages. The emerging trends of urbanisation in India reveal that urban migration is fairly significant. A large number of people from rural areas are shifting not only to big cities but even to medium-sized cities and small towns. Distance is not a barrier. One readily finds villagers moving from farflung areas of north Indian state to the cities in south India. Migrants are mainly employed in manufacturing and service occupations. Besides, the seasonal migration of unskilled labourers, too, has become common. We find labourers from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa working in agricultural farms of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Labourers begin with seasonal migration and later on start settling permanently in areas of their choice. Social Effects of Urbanisation Let us now turn to the social effects of accelerated urbanisation. Urbanisation has altered the structure of joint family as a result of occupational diversification. Consequently, the functions of family and kinship have declined considerably. The traditional family norms are relaxed and interpersonal relationships have become more formal. An urban child now grows within much smaller world. No kinsmen are available in nuclear family to take care of her/ him. The child has to select playmates outside the family. In this manner, the child develops a new type of personality characterised by ideas of freedom and innovation. Such a situation is remarkably different from the environment of dependence found in a joint family. The nature of love and affection in interpersonal relationship has also changed. While children and STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 7 their mothers receive considerable attention, sentiments and attachment towards other relatives have weakened. Likewise, the division of domestic duties between wife and husband is changing in the urban settings. They both share domestic duties, as there is no other adult member available to share the burden. Thus, social life in urban areas faces isolation due to diminishing kinship obligations. Several ties that formerly bound members of the family to group and community life are now broken. Consequently, the quality of human relationships tends to become more formal and impersonal. Another visible change is in the domain of caste identity. Urban dwellers participate in networks that include persons of several castes. Individual achievement and modern status symbols have become more important than caste identity. Caste norms are not strictly maintained which is manifest in commensal relations, marital alliances and in occupational relations. It is, thus, possible to suggest that urban way of life has made people think more as individuals than as members of a particular caste. The importance of ascription as the basis of social status is declining and the significance of achievement is taking its place. The level of education, nature of occupation and the level of income are now major indicators of one’s achievement in an urban setup. Therefore, people recognise education, occupation and income as prerequisites for higher ocial status. It does not mean that the achieved status has completely replaced ascribed status and class has fully overshadowed caste. It is, however, necessary to clarify that changes brought about by urbanisation have not altogether replaced the traditional patterns of family, kinship and caste. They go through adaptations and their functions are not completely erod ed. Urban Problems We have already seen how urbanisation is proceeding at a considerable pace in India. It has affected different domains of people’s life. The expansion of urban centres has also given rise to a variety of problems. The physical space is dingy, quality of life is poor and urban governance is unimaginative. Overcrowding and pollution, sub-standard housing and slums, crime and delinquency, alcoholism and drug abuse are a few of them. We shall discuss some of them which have far reaching consequences for the country. Urban overcrowding is the result of the massive size of India’s urban population. Its impact is visible in declining services in the areas of housing, water supply, sanitation, transport, power supply and employment opportunity. Increasing number of homeless people, high rate of rent and a scramble for the few available houses are commonly found in most of the cities and towns. The density of urban population in India works out to be around 3, 500 persons 8 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA per square kilometre in 1991. This is more than the accepted norm of 400 per square kilometre. Thus, urban areas have more people than they can support with the available infrastructure. Related to the problem of housing and overcrowding is the problem of slums. The slum is an area of dingy neglected houses where people live in poverty without minimum civic amenities. The estimates of India’s urban population living in slums vary widely. However, according to an estimate, not less than 45 million people were living in slums in 1995 and as the urban population is increasing fast, their number must have had increased by now. It is said that the Indian population living in slums is more than the total population of about 107 countries of the world. Generally, the larger a city, the more the people live in slums. Naturally, metros like Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata have more slums than the small and medium size towns. In 1991, slum-dwellers formed 45 per cent of the population in Mumbai, 44 per cent in Delhi and 42 per cent in Kolkata. The situation is no better in other metropolises like Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad etc. In reality, the problems of slums are multiplying in the wake of city’s incapacity to meet the rising demands of growing population. Pollution is another major problem of cities. There are several sources of rising pollution. Cities discharge 40 to 60 per cent of their entire sewage and industrial effluents into the adjoining rivers. The smaller towns ump garbage and excreta into the nearest waterways through their open drains. Likewise, urban industries pollute the atmosphere with smoke and gases from their old chimneys. Vehicular emission in Delhi accounts for 64 per cent of its air pollution. In fact, Delhi has the dubious distinction of being one of the most polluted cities in the world. The poison that we put in the environment comes back to us through air , water and food. It gradually causes diseases and disorders making life miserable and hazardous. The issue of environmental pollution in urban areas has been recognised and steps have been taken to ease the situation. Even the Supreme Court of India intervened and ordered closure of polluting industrial units in Delhi. Recently, the use of nonpolluting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has been made mandatory for buses and three-wheelers in Delhi as per the order of the Supreme Court. There are a number of other problems faced by urban centres which are not discussed here for the sake of brevity. Important among them are the problems of urban poverty, urban planning and urban governance. MODERNISATION Modernisation is both an idea and a process. As it is an idea, there is no agreement among social scientists on its meaning and interpretation. In the decades after the Second World War it was believed in industrial capitalist STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 9 countries such as Britain and the United States that the key to economic development in the Third World was modernisation. The concept of modernisation, thus, emerged as an explanation of how these societies developed through capitalism. By providing such an explanation Western scholars desired to convince the underdeveloped countries like India that economic development was possible under capitalism. According to this approach, modernisation depends primarily on introduction of technology and the knowledge required to make use of it. Besides, several social and political prerequisites have been identified to make modernisation possible. Some of these prerequisites are: 1. increased levels of education, 2. development of mass media, 3. accessible transport and communication, 4. democratic political institutions, 5. more urban and mobile population, 6. nuclear family in place of extended family, 7. complex division of labour, 8. declining public influence of religion, and; 9. eveloped markets for exchange of goods and services in place of traditional ways of meeting such needs. Modernisation is, thus, supposed to be the result of the presence of these prerequisites in the social system. It is clear that the term modernisation has been used here in a very broad sense. We, therefore, find different views about the scope and area to be covered by the concept of modernisation. Some soc iologists limit modernisation to its structural aspect, others emphasise its cultural dimension. A few studies highlight the issue of political modernisation and still others analyse its psychological meaning. Of course, the treatment of the concept in terms of it being a process of social change is found in Learner’s writing. Daniel Lerner in his essay on ‘Modernisation’, included in Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, explains modernisation in these words: â€Å"Modernisation is the current term for an old process — the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquired characteristics common to more developed societies. † He further writes, â€Å"Modernisation, therefore, is the process of social change in which development is the economic component. Obviously this understanding of the term corresponds with the meaning which we have given to the term at the beginning of our discussion. Accordingly, modernisation is a process of change, which takes a country from underdevelopment to development. It produces social environment for economic development. The growth in industrialisation, urbanisation, national income and per capita income are taken as criteria of development. However, while accepting the economic criteria of development, some sociologists have added non-economic 10 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA riteria to judge development. They argue that rising output alone is not sufficient to assess the level of development. A society has to move from rising output to self-sustaining growth. Therefore, non-economic criteria such as the level of education, function of media, growth of communication and social norms conducive to change have to be taken into consideration. The meaning of modernisation given above incorporates primarily, structural aspects of change. In other words, with modernisation structural transformation takes place in economy, polity and social institutions. It is to be noted here that the concept of modernisation has also been explained in cultural terms. In this sense, modernisation implies change in values and attitudes. Modernity involves values and norms that are universal in nature. Explaining this aspect of moder nisation Yogendra Singh suggests that modernisation implies a rational attitude towards issues and their evaluation from a universal viewpoint. Thus, technological advancement and economic growth are not the sole criterion to judge the level of modernisation of a society. The commitment to scientific world-view and humanistic ideas are equally important. Moreover, the idea of modernisation has also been analysed in terms of the paired concepts of tradition and modernity. It has been argued that modernity stands as opposite of tradition. In this sense, all the underdeveloped societies are characterised as traditional and the developed societies as modern. Modernisation, thus, implies a change from tradition to modernity. Change occurs, according to this view, in predictable direction. In other words, in order to modernise, every society has to follow the same direction and adopt a similar path. All the existing values and structures have to be replaced by the new values and structures. Nonetheless, sociologists from the developing countries are critical of this understanding of modernisation. They maintain that modernisation does not stand as a polar opposite to tradition. Traditional values and institutions are not necessarily discarded while taking up new values in the process of change. Society adopts new values because they are considered more efficient and rewarding. In view of this, these sociologists hold that modernisation would develop typical forms in different societies. Patterns of modernisation, thus, may vary from society to society. The discussion shows that processes of modernisation involve both structural and cultural dimensions. However, given the present context, we shall deal with modernisation primarily as a structural process of change. Modernisation in India Some sociologists make a distinction between social change and modernisation in order to assess the nature of change in the traditional Indian society. Though, social change occurred in traditional India, it was essentially pre-modern in nature. One STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 11 raditional institution was just replaced by the other and no basic structural change took place in social system and culture. Historically, modernisation in India started from the establishment of the British rule and has continued even after independence. The nature and direction of modernisation during these two phases have been different. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine the processes of moderni sation under two distinct phases — the colonial phase and the post-colonial phase. As has been mentioned earlier, modernisation in India commenced after the arrival of the British rule. The contact with the West brought about far reaching changes in social structure and cultural institutions. Changes were witnessed in almost all important areas of life. The British administration introduced new arrangements in legal, agrarian, educational and administrative domains. Most of these led to structural modernisation. For instance, the bureaucratic system of administration and judiciary introduced by them were based on modern rational norms, which replaced the traditional Indian legal norms, based on the principle of hierarchy and ascription. A similar transformation took place in the system of education and agrarian structure. The Western system of education was introduced towards the middle of the nineteenth century and expanded significantly thereafter. New patter ns of land settlements such as Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari covering the whole of British India resulted in systematisation of revenue administration. Some other areas experiencing modernising trends were industrialisation, urbanisation, transport and communication, army and the emergence of industrial working class and so forth. The emergence and growth of a nationalist political leadership was also the result of growing modernisation of Indian society. In fact, the nationalist leadership became so strong towards the early part of the twentieth century that freedom movement itself generated a new culture of modernisation. It is apparent from the above that the colonial phase of modernisation created a wide network of structure and culture which was modern and had an all-India appeal. However, it is important to point out here that during the colonial phase the local regional structures of family, caste and village community remained more or less unaffected by the forces of modernisation. At these levels, the British, by and large, followed a policy of least interference. Consequently, we do not find much change in the structures of family, caste and village. Let us, now, briefly examine the process of modernisation in the postcolonial India. Modernisation process has undergone some fundamental changes after the Independence. Every domain of social system is under the active influence of modernising process. Modernisation has, now, become an integral part of the developmental strategy. 12 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA The political system has assumed a new shape after the adoption of a parliamentary form of government based on adult franchise. Political parties have emerged as powerful organs of the system. Thus, democratic political structure has effectively led to increasing political consciousness among people. The process of politicisation has, further, been accelerated through the Panchayati Raj institutions. The foundations of traditional family structure have come under the influence of legal reforms in marriage and inheritance. The family introduced egalitarian norms in family leading to raised status of women. Similarly, caste has assumed new functional roles. It has acquired an associational character. New consciousness has emerged among dalits. Increasing role of caste in politics is a pointer to this trend. Moreover, land reforms, too, have brought structural transformation in agrarian social structure. However, it is pertinent to call attention to the fact that modernisation in India has not been a uniformly progressive movement. Two crucial issues may be pointed out in this regard. First, in the process of modernisation several traditional institutions and activities have been reinforced. For example, religious pre

What Sees All essays

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Project Cash Flow - Essay Example Therefore to have the money later you will certainly want a reasonable compensation for the delayed consumption, the risk or uncertainty and the inflation. All these factors: delayed consumption, uncertainty and inflation determine the interest rate over a certain amount of money which is due at present but the acquisition of which is put off till a future date. In any situation when a person or group becomes or become indifferent to these three factors then the value of time to that person or group in that particular situation ceases to matter. The situation can be caused by internal factors as well as external factors or both. We can imagine few such situations, for example if in a hospital the anaesthesia machine goes bust in the mid of an operation and the standby machine is at some other OT then irrespective of rational comparisons a new machine has to be ordered because the situation demands it, or for example if there is fire in a factory and machines become unavailable for completing the order at hand worth millions of dollars then new machinery has to be arranged for as soon as possible without going into much details of profitability etc. The example that we have taken are extreme cases. In real life, situations generally lie mid way between conditions of very high emergencies to conditions of no pressure at all. There is usually existence of some pressures which limits the time that can be infinitely spent on arriving at the best analysis. In real life decision making is often done amidst many known and many unknown variables.1 Situations of absolute unpredictability Situations of absolute predictability Reliance on the available and Reliance on complex decision making tools easy to operate decision making tools II) Time value of Money-estimating the discount rate The predictability of a situation depends on a host of internal and external factors. Internal factors can include the knowledge and experience of the organization the management information and coordination systems, the resources and time available to the organization etc. The external factors can include the market forces and the business environment. In the case of applying time value analysis in project decisions the uncertain factor is the cost of capital 2.The estimation of cost of capital or the discounting rate is a complex process and its accuracy depends on many factors. Estimating the cost of capit

Culture shock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture shock - Essay Example iliar signs and symbols of social intercourse, they have to try to adapt themselves to different lifestyles, living conditions and business practices in a new cultural setting and this often proves to be a long term and difficult process. In this condition, feelings of alienation accumulate sharply because of poor adaptation and consequentially, culture shock occurs, followed by a series of psychological confusion and emotional discomfort (Xia, 97– 101). There tends to be many responses to culture shock and this depends on individuals. Some people often choose to immerse themselves completely in the new culture, which they have encountered in an attempt to fit into the fabric of the new society. Such people often shun the culture, which they previously used to practice and instead develop a very negative attitude towards it (Dongfeng, 70–74). Others choose to adopt only the aspects of the new culture they have encountered which they consider good but continue to practice the culture familiar to them. A third group chooses to completely reject the new culture and tightly stick to the culture that they believe to be the best for them. These often create their own settlements or sectors within the society in which they have gone to live and it is only on rare occasion that they encounter the new

Buddhism and Christianity Essay Example for Free

Buddhism and Christianity Essay Thesis: While both Christianity and Buddhism were religions that encourages kindness and renunciation of wealth, Christianity caused a stir with Jesus’ hatred against the greedy rich and powerful and his alliance with the lower class, which eventually lead to his execution, whereas Buddhism’s leader, Buddha, spread a message that was not threatening to the high class, letting him live his life until his natural death at 80. This Venn diagram compares and contrasts Buddhism and Christianity. It represents my key knowledge and thinking skills by showing my ability to diagnose important similarities and differences between the two major religions, My Venn diagram is okay, but there is room for improvement. It lists some key similarities and differences, but they are worded in an awkward manner. Christianity Christianity * First Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire (because of the Christians’ refusal to worship the roman polytheistic religion) * By the time Theodosius was Emperor, Christianity became the preferred official religion of the Roman Empire. * Women’s role in church slowly deteriorated * The Great Schism split Christianity into two religions, Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox. * Saint Paul spread the small religion  * First Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire (because of the Christians’ refusal to worship the roman polytheistic religion) * By the time Theodosius was Emperor, Christianity became the preferred official religion of the Roman Empire. * Women’s role in church slowly deteriorated * The Great Schism split Christianity into two religions, Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox. * Saint Paul spread the small religion Changes Changes Continuities Continuities * Strong denial of gods of other Religions * The Bible stayed a constant Main religious text for Christianity * Extremely Monotheistic * * Went from worshipping Brahma to three deities (Vishnu, Siva and Brahma) * Women were not allowed to perform sacrifices anymore  * Went from having sacrifices of animals to personal sacrifices (fasting) * Changed from Brahmanism and lunar and solar lineages to Hinduism. * Went from worshipping Brahma to three deities (Vishnu, Siva and Brahma) * Women were not allowed to perform sacrifices anymore * Went from having sacrifices of animals to personal sacrifices (fasting) * Changed from Brahmanism and lunar and solar lineages to Hinduism. Changes Changes Continuities Continuities Hinduism Hinduism Open to everyone * Caste system * Intentional misinterpretation of Hindu texts To keep patriarchy Thesis: While Christianity and Hinduism both had continuities of (respectively) a strong sense of denial of other religions’ gods and a strong caste system, both had major changes such as going from a heavily persecuted religion to the Roman Empire’s official religion and switching from animal sacrifices to personal sacrifices. The two tables show changes and continuities for two  major religions, Christianity and Hinduism. The table shows my key thinking skills by being able to point out key continuities and changes. My Table is a little bit sparse on the continuities side, but the changes for Christianity are plentiful. I need to work on researching with more effort. Thesis: Although the four main religions, Buddhism, Brahmanism, Hinduism and Christianity affected the role of women, the poor social role of women outside of church was uniform in all the regions of these religions. Patriarchy is very much alive in all of them. My spoke diagram shows a variety of religions. The statements are also positive and negative towards patriarchy. It shows my key thinking skills by displaying quotes for all the statements. My spoke diagram could use more statements, five seems like enough, but more would be better. I think I did a great job on putting quotes for all the statements. Analyze similarities and differences in attitudes and treatment towards women in TWO of the following societies in the Classical period. Han China (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.–550 C.E.) Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.–476 C.E.) or Analyze similarities and differences in methods of political control in TWO of the following empires in the Classical period. Han China (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.) Mauryan/Gupta India (320 B.C.E.–550 C.E.) Imperial Rome (31 B.C.E.–476 C.E.) cause of the cast system and its traditions, India had more of a social code of conduct instead of rigid laws. Tradition of having local princes also was a cause of the fall of the Maurya Empire, because they made it easier to rebel against the main government China During the HAN dynasty, Confucianism came back into government with high sights on education, the tradition of using the mandate of heaven ensured that the Han Empire fell by 3rd century CE. And the Qin Empire fell in a mere 20 years since he lost his mandate of heaven Confucianism taught orderly society with relationships. The tradition of bureaucracy in the Chinese government kept power in the wealthy class. * So they traveled on the Silk road and also traveled to Spain and France * All the provinces conquered by the Roman empire now were influenced to become Christians * So he wrote the gospels * So he used the Roman Roads and traveled all across the Empire, spreading the word of Christ * So they traveled on the Silk road and also traveled to Spain and France * All the provinces conquered by the Roman empire now were influenced to become Christians * So he wrote the gospels * So he used the Roman Roads and traveled all across the Empire, spreading the word of Christ Cause and Effect of the spread of Christianity Cause and Effect of the spread of Christianity Cause Effect * Christians were expelled from the Roman Empire * Theodosius made Christianity the  Roman Empire’s Official religion * St. Paul wished to make Christianity A major religion * St. Paul wanted to spread the Religion throughoutCause and Effect of the spread of Buddhism Cause and Effect of the spread of Buddhism Roman Empire Effect * His word was spread in India, but not much more than the Ganges River. * Buddhism spread even more in India, to northern India even. * The monks made the Chinese believe in Buddha * He promised himself to make up for it by spreading Buddhism by erecting stupas Effect * His word was spread in India, but not much more than the Ganges River. * Buddhism spread even more in India, to northern India even. * The monks made the Chinese believe in Buddha * He promised himself to make up for it by spreading Buddhism by erecting stupas Cause * Buddha traveled in India * After Buddha’s death monks also traveled in India * Monks traveled along the Silk Road * Asoka was appalled by the bloody Battle of Kalinga Thesis: Although both Christianity and Buddhism spread along the Silk Road, Christianity moved along this trade network because of exiled Christians who were seeking a home away from the Roman Empire, whereas Buddhism spread voluntarily, with monks successfully trying to convert the Chinese. The cause and effect table lists the causes and the effects of the spread of two major religions, Buddhism and Christianity. It displays my abilities to  make connections to major effects and their causes. The table is okay. It has four causes and effects for both religions, which is not great. For Buddhism, it seems a little too focused on monks traveling to spread Buddhism. Thesis: Although both China and India’s political systems were influenced by tradition, India’s caste system created no need for laws, while the qin dynasty’s legalistic system created very rigid ones. The two flowcharts show a continual effect of tradition or religion on India and China’s political systems. It displays my abilities to connect separate events into one continuous lineage of facts. The flowcharts do point out main ideas I was trying to display, but they seem a little bit incoherent at times.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s Disease   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine waking up one morning and you cannot remember where you are or your own child’s name. This could be a direct sign that you or a family member has Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia, which means that it affects certain functions of the brain such as memory, logic, and everyday bodily functions. This disease was first described by a doctor named Alois Alzheimer in 1906. He discovered unusual growths of fibers in the brains of woman that had died from an unusual mental illness (National Institute, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people do not realize how severe this disease really is. These people also do not realize how much of a risk there is of developing the disease. Four million people in the United States today are afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease. It is estimated that about 22 million people around the world currently have this disease (St.George-Hyslop, 2000). Another very interesting fact about Alzheimer’s is that the changes in the brain take place 20 to 40 years before the patient shows any symptoms. About ten percent of Americans have this disease by the age of 65, and about 50 percent of Americans have the disease by the age of 85. People can live well into their 90s, and they still retain most of their memories and control of their bodies (Kahn, 1998). This disease is a disease that everyone in the United States should be concerned about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists believe that they know what causes this disease to occur. It is caused by proteins in the brain that go terribly wrong. These proteins form clusters inside the brain, and they produce a toxin that affects nerve cells. These nerve cells are then lost, and this affects certain parts of the brain that control certain functions. This directly affects two parts of the brain, the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. These two parts of the brain control memory, reasoning, language, and other bodily functions (St. George-Hyslop, 2000). Alzheimer’s disease has a major effect on not only the patient’s life, but on the lives of the patient’s family as well. This disease takes a very slow path in its development. It may start as just some short-term memory loss. This means that a person with Alzheimer’s may forget little things, like what he or she ate for dinner last night or why they went to the refrigerator. These symptoms can be overlooked as j... ...In Kahn’s story (1998) a daughter of a patient was very pleased with Aricept, â€Å"’ the reversal of her condition was remarkable. For over a year, I kind of got my mom back (p,18).’† This disease is obviously a horrible one. It can rip a family apart, and there is nothing that can be done about it. Hopefully, one day a cure will be found, but in the mean time, Alzheimer’s disease has total control over a person who is afflicted with it. It also has control over the family of the person afflicted with it. Almost everyone in this country has some sort of tie to this disease, and this is why more research should be done in hopes of finding a cure. References Kahn, C. (2007, November, 8). New drugs and hope for Alzheimer’s patients. Parade Magazine, 16-19. National Institute on Aging. (1995). Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 22, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www.alzheimers.org/pubs/adfact.html Shenk, D. (2001, November-December). The War on Alzheimer’s. My Generation, 15-20. St. George-Hyslop, P.H. (2005). Piecing Together Alzheimer’s. Retrieved October 22, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www.sciam.com/2000/1200issue/1200stgeorge.html

Calypso or Circe Essay

Nausicaa is the first normal woman Odysseus sees in nearly twenty years, the last of whom being the women from Ismarus, the city he sacks directly after leaving Troy, and understandably he is very weary of her. Despite this, or perhaps because of it, he treats her with the utmost respect and keeps his distance from her, both physically and emotionally. He admires her beauty, respects her decisions and listens to her like an equal, despite her age and sex, which shows respect, although not necessarily feelings. Despite his lack of show of affection towards her, he is kind and shows his appreciation for her saving him from death – ‘I do indeed pray to Zeus†¦ to let me reach my home†¦ If he does, then I will pray you as a divinity all the rest of my days. For it was you lady, who gave me back my life. ‘ showing how he does indeed respect what she has done for him, and is grateful towards her. After Odysseus leaves Nausicaa in the town, Homer does not mention her anymore but for their goodbyes, despite the fact they are staying under the same roof. This indicates Odysseus’s lack of interest in Nausicaa’s comings and goings. When Odysseus begins to explain his adventures to Alcinous, in particular he mentions Calypso and Circe, and how he never had any affection for them – ‘The divine Calypso was certainly for keeping me in her cavern home because she yearned for me to be her husband and with me the same object Circe†¦. but never for a moment did they win my heart. ‘ Here Odysseus states in his own words that he was never won over by either, and although he may have found pleasure in staying with them, it could never compare with the pleasure of seeing his wife again; any feelings he had towards Calypso or Circe were not genuine or heart-felt. Similarly to Calypso, Circe is first seen as ‘singing with her beautiful voice’ and ‘weaving one of those delicate, graceful and dazzling fabrics that goddesses make’, and the temptation to stay with her (as he then does with Calypso) would have been immense. Hermes warns her that ‘she will†¦ invite you to her bed. You must not refuse†¦ if you want her to free your men and look after you’. The fact that Odysseus obeys this shows the extent of what he would do to free his men and return home; going to bed with Circe would have been merely another obstacle for him on his journey home, his feelings towards her being limited. Although he describes the ‘comfortable heat’ and the way ‘all the painful weariness was gone’ from his limbs, his ‘thoughts were elsewhere’ and ‘mind was full of forebodings’ showing how he cannot feel content without knowing his crew is safe and his chances for ever reaching home are still tangible. In addition, the way in which he prioritises Circe’s actions towards him and his crew is also relevant, seeing as it is Odysseus recounting the story to Alcinous. He first says Circe ‘graciously bathed the members of my party in her palace and rubbed them with olive-oil. She gave them tunics and warm cloaks’, showing how to him, the women he encounters are mostly beneficial to him for the reason that they give him and his crew shelter, food and drink, and there is no implication of any feeling towards them. They stay on the island for a year, and by the end the crew are frustrated – ‘What possesses you to stay on here? It’s time you thought of Ithaca’. It is only when Ithaca is mentioned that Odysseus is persuaded to leave – ‘my proud heart was convinced’; if he did have any feelings towards Circe, he would have stayed, or at least contemplated staying for a little longer. Overall I consider that Odysseus does not care about these women. He loves his wife dearly – ‘[Penelope] is never out of your thoughts’- and is happy to leave every island he sets foot upon if he thinks he is heading for home. Circe does seem to hold a certain place in Odysseus’ heart, because she is the one he stays with voluntarily and has to be persuaded to leave, but Odysseus leaves the others without a backward glance – ‘with a happy heart’ in fact, in the case of Calypso. Odysseus’s affection and respect for Nausicaa seems to be purely polite and possibly only to suit his own means, or at the most brotherly- he wants the best for her. As for Arete, Odysseus never had affectionate feelings for her. He needs her support to get home, and this is the only reason he shows respect for her, except perhaps because she is a wise woman. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus longs for his homeland, and is unable to feel much but grief at his prolonged absence.

Environmental Proposal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1642 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Environment Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Government Essay Manufacturing Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Smith Systems Consulting provides web and business application services to a variety of clients including small and medium-sized business organizations, large domestic, multinational, and global corporations, and government and not for profit organizations (UOP, 2009). Learning Team A will recommend strategies to create alliances between Smith Systems Consulting and its networked internal and external customers, explain how the differences between leadership and management affect networking, and propose an environment that is supportive of team functioning and learning, and fosters sustainable innovation and creativity. Strategies to Create Alliances Kudler Fine Foods, Huffman Trucking, McBride Financial Services, and Riordan Manufacturing are among the list of clients Smith System Consulting (SSC) currently serves. One strategy for creating alliances between SSC and their clients is to empower the stakeholders by involving them in the decision-making process and the development of strategic goals. Engaging the clients in decision making and goal development will ensure SSC has a clear direction for meeting their clients’ needs in web-site maintenance, process upgrades, continuous training, and assisting with market expansion. Empowering clients will lead to a greater number of decisions made more efficiently and quickly, and an increased likelihood that the decisions will be readily accepted. Teaming with clients in the development of long- range goals will also help build alliances as SSC and its clients work toward common outcomes. Many of SSC’s clients are in need of assistance in keeping pace with the newest technologies. SSC can take the information regarding new programs on the market, review the possibilities to assist clientele, and make the recommendations for upgrading and maintaining the website to assist the client in gaining more business. The employees within the various organizations should also be inc luded in the decision-making process and development of strategic goals. Employees whose input is considered and who are part of the decision-making process will be more inclined to support the company’s goals and make decisions beneficial to the company. Empowering employees will provide them with a sense of self-worth, pride, and ownership in the organization and their dedication to the organization will increase. Turnover will decrease because employees will feel as though their ideas are valued and they are a vital part of the organization. Low turnover will allow business relationships and alliances to form between SSC and client employees which will ultimately lead to increased loyalty and additional business. The unique business requirements of each client should also be periodically reviewed and employees briefed so the products can be adjusted as necessary to meet the client’s expectations. Satisfied clients lead to profits, which is a way to keep stakehold ers invested in the company, gain new stakeholders, and allow companies to grow. Another strategy to forming an alliance between SSC and its clients is to create an environment where integrity, honesty, trust, treating others with respect, and open communication are valued and embraced, and conflicts are minimized. This type of environment will enhance productivity and efficiency, increase job satisfaction, strengthen teamwork, and ensure high quality services and products are delivered SSC’s clients. To ensure ethical business practices are employed and client confidentiality is maintained, SSC should also create an organizational culture dedicated to high standards of ethical behavior and superior business performance. SSC must ensure work will be conducted ethically to prevent any liability being transferred to the clients and their products pass scrutiny, and client confidentiality is maintained to avoid proprietary information from falling into the hands of potenti al competitors. With the new technologies available, SSC will be able to employ the latest technologies to secure information as well as identify areas that may be susceptible to security breaches. SSC should develop performance metrics and provide periodic assessment reports to clients’ regarding how the organization is performing. SSC employees should be given access to the progress reports and provided feedback so they can review their accomplishments and obtain status of progress. SSC can use the information from the performance metrics to improve processes and realign resources as necessary to meet the clients’ needs. SSC management should also develop a set of company business ethics and codes of conduct and train their employees to the requirements so employees know what constitutes acceptable business practices and behaviors in the workplace. SSC can advertise the organization promotes good business ethics and strict adherence to codes of conduct. SSC can encourage their employees to comply with the codes of conduct through feedback and rewards. Compliance to these codes will increase SSC’s clients’ confidence in the organization’s ability to conduct high quality, ethical work while assisting clients in the development of the technology appropriate for their respective businesses. Effects of Leadership and Management on Networking Leadership means thinking beyond the status quo; possessing a clear vision and expanding borders. Without leadership businesses would be stuck with the way processes are currently performed. â€Å"Leaders lend more weight to underlying issues, realizing that what happens at home affects what happens at work. They don’t need to know details, but will give ongoing support, maybe by providing coaching, counseling, training, etc† (HRZone. com, 2009). This applies both to guiding employees through the bad times and promoting maximum self-development for the organization. Ma nagement is defined as focusing on tasks and taking care of the items that need attention daily. Management allows room for personal needs while maintaining a realistic approach to getting everything done. SSC clients include small and medium-sized business organizations, large domestic, multinational, and global corporations in a varied cross-section of industries. SSC also serves a number of government and not-for-profit organizations. The overall client satisfaction rate has exceeded 98% (UOP, 2009). Creating new technology has provided SSC leadership with the vision to apply new ways of doing business. Leadership does not need to be tied to management because leadership is about inspiring others to perform and providing guidance. SSC management has supplied the tools necessary for their employees to produce quality products and generate high customer satisfaction ratings and implemented systems that enable the company to manage and promote their clients’ websites in a highly professional manner. SSC has become the link to the outside world via the Internet which allows their customers to concentrate on business. An Environment of Teaming, Learning and Innovation Although SSC has been successfully â€Å"serving clients since 1994 with high value Web and business application services† (UOP, 2009), integrating an environment that is supportive of team functioning and learning is critical to the continued success of the company. Creating an environment that promotes creativity and innovation begins with respect. The focus of SSC’s business practice has been producing quality products and services as well as keeping high levels of customer satisfaction levels among their clients. However, team building and innovation should also be a focal point. Three key elements should be incorporated into the new proposed plan for SSC which will allow quality team-building and continuous learning to begin: clear expectations, context, and co mmitment (Healthfield, 2009). The organization must be provided with clear performance expectations to foster and encourage good communication. Through the use of good communication, the organization can become more resourceful, efficient, and productive. The context of organizational goals should be relayed to all employees in such a manner so they understand the reasoning behind the goal as well as the importance of each goal. Additionally, employees should be part of the planning process so they feel as though their input is a vital contributing factor â€Å"in the total context of the organization’s goals, principals, vision, and values† (Healthfield, 2009). A certain level of commitment is needed to encourage positive team functioning which can be achieved my ensuring each team member is valued and appreciated for their hard work. Team members should be encouraged to participate in generating creative and innovative ideas. Establishing and fostering an organ izational culture that embraces commitment, communication, and team building will also help to promote learning. An environment that encourages continued learning, creativity, and innovation will set precedence for future endeavors. Team members should continue to be encouraged by the organization to develop new ideas which can be accomplished by giving the team a weekly challenge to generate a new idea each week based on current projects. The team with the best idea may receive recognition such as an award or another type of praise-worthy incentive. A reward system can be an effective method for promoting creativity and team functionality, and pioneering inventive ideas to expand the company’s current products to the next level. Conclusion SSC can build alliances with their clients by ensuring they are involved in the decision-making process and development of long-range goals. In addition, fostering an environment where integrity, honesty, trust, treating others with respect, and open communication are valued and embraced will ensure employees follow good, ethical business practices and provide clients with products that meet their specifications. SSC’s leadership and management teams can maintain a high level of employee and customer satisfaction by communicating the company’s vision and progress toward goals, and providing the support and tools necessary for employees to perform work and serve the company’s clients. SSC can create an organizational culture in which employees are encouraged to learn, generate creative ideas and excel, and promote team building by communicating expectations for performance and providing opportunities for employees to participate in all aspects of the business. SSC’s employees and clients will be more productive and satisfied and as a result, the companies will be more effective and efficient in achieving their goals and sustaining business. References Healthfield, S. 2009). About. com: Human Resources: Twelve tips for team building. Retrieved October 31, 2009, from https://humanresources. about. com/od/involvementteams/a/twelve_tip_team_3. htm HRZone. com (2009). Managing People: Leaders. Retrieved October 29, 2009 from https://www. hrzone. co. uk/. University of Phoenix (UOP). (2009). Week five overview. Retrieved October 31, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week five: Virtual Organizations Web link. PSY 428 – Organizational Psychology Course Web site. 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